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Chapter 3: The Charter in the courts 39
The application of the Charter directly to the
Courts ­ section 6(2)(b)
Section 6(2)(b) states that the Charter applies
to "courts and tribunals, to the extent they have
functions under Part 2 and Division 3 of Part 3"
of the Charter. While Division 3 of Part 3 refers
to the interpretive obligation in section 32, courts
and tribunals have grappled with the question of
how the Charter applies to them "to the extent
they have functions under Part 2". Because Part
2 of the Charter sets out the Charter's human
rights, this is a question of which rights apply
directly to courts.
In the case of Taha and Brookes (discussed at
page 32), the Court of Appeal confirmed that
courts are directly bound to act compatibly with
the right to a fair hearing (section 24) by reason
of section 6(2)(b).
65
In that case, it meant the
Magistrate was under a direct obligation to give
effect to the right to a fair hearing. The Magistrate
had acted incompatibly with that right by failing
to inquire into the particular circumstances of the
individuals in that case and consider whether an
alternative order to an order of imprisonment was
available. The Court also considered it may be
directly bound to act compatibly with the right to
equality before the law (section 8(3)), however it
did not finally determine that question.
Interventions in Charter cases
Both the Commission and the Attorney-General
have a right to intervene in court cases that
raise the Charter. A party in a Supreme Court or
County Court proceeding must give notice to the
Attorney-General and the Commission that the
Charter is an issue in the proceedings (section
35).
The Commission's role as an intervener is
to assist the court in its understanding and
application of the Charter, not to represent any
parties in the proceedings. The Commission has
publicly available guidelines to help determine
those cases in which we will intervene.
66
The Commission has continued to use its
intervention function by assisting courts and
tribunals in understanding the Charter's operative
provisions and interpreting the scope of the
Charter's human rights.
In 2012, the Commission received 32 Charter
notifications.
67
The Commission intervened in five
new proceedings; two in the Supreme Court and
three in the Court of Appeal.
68
In addition to these
five interventions, the Commission was involved
in four ongoing matters that commenced prior to
2012.
Notifications under the Charter
65 Victorian Toll & Anor v Taha and Anor; State of
Victoria v Brookes & Anor [2013] VSCA 37. This is
consistent with the previous Court of Appeal
decisions in De Simone.
66 The Commission's Guidelines are available at
<http://www.humanrightscommission.vic.gov.au>.
67 Note that not all of the matters proceeded to
hearing. In some instances, Charter notifications
were given in relation to applications that were
withdrawn or settled.
68 The Court of Appeal heard the matters of Lowe v
Secretary to the Department of Justice; Nigro v
Secretary to the Department of Justice;
and
Ghebrat v Secretary to the Department of Justice
together on 6 December 2012. There were three
separate notifications under section 35 of the
Charter, however the three matters are counted as
one intervention.
2012
32
2011
35
2010
59
2009
52
Section 35 notices received by the Commission
in 2012
VCAT
3
County Court
6
Supreme Court
13
Court of Appeal
8
Federal Court of Australia
1
High Court of Australia
(Special Leave Application)
1
Total
32
New interventions in 2012
Supreme Court
2
Court of Appeal
3
Total
5
Ongoing interventions in 2012
VCAT
1
Supreme Court
1
Court of Appeal
2
Total
4
Notifications under the Charter and Interventions
in 2012